Glaucoma is a group of related diseases that damage the optic nerve, resulting in vision loss and possible blindness.
Many people affected with glaucoma do not experience symptoms, and may not be aware that they have the disease until they have lost a significant amount of vision.
A leading cause of blindness and visual impairment all over the planet, glaucoma affects patients of all ages.
There are several factors, including the following, that increase the risk of developing glaucoma: -- Being older than 60 .. Having elevated intraocular pressure .. Having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes ..
Certain diseases or conditions, including those below, can contribute to the development of glaucoma: ---- Increased pressure within the eye .. Severe eye infection .. Blocked blood vessels ..
Inflammatory conditions of the eye .. Glaucoma is considered primary if its origin is unknown, and secondary if it results from another medical condition. There are several types of glaucoma. The two major types are primary open-angle glaucoma, in which fluid drains too slowly from the drainage channels (trabecula) of the eye, and angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma, in which the trabecula become blocked.
More than 95 percent of glaucoma patients suffer from open-angle glaucoma.
The symptoms of open-angle glaucoma include the following:--- Dim or blurred vision .. Gradual loss of peripheral vision .. Tunnel vision (at advanced stages) .. The symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma can be eye-related or systemic:--- Blurred vision .. Halos around lights ..
There is no cure for glaucoma, so treatments, including those below, focus on relieving symptoms and preventing further damage. .. Eye drops or oral medication may be used to either reduce fluid production in the front of the eye or to help drain excess fluid.
Side effects of eye drops include redness, stinging, irritation and blurred vision. ..
Trabeculoplasty, iridotomy and cyclophotocoagulation are laser procedures that aim to increase the outflow of fluid from the eye, or eliminate fluid blockages. .. A trabeculectomy creates a new channel to drain fluid from the eye, and reduce the pressure that causes glaucoma.
Surgery is performed only after medication and laser procedures have been unsuccessful. ..
Glaucoma as the leading neurodegenerative disease leads to blindness in millions of people aged 50 years and older worldwide.
For many decades, glaucoma therapy has primarily focused on controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) and sound evidence supports its role in delaying the progress of retinal ganglial cell (RGC) damage and protecting patients from vision loss.
A decrease in ganglion cells results in decreased visual function. Classically there is an incremental loss of peripheral then central visual field. In chronic diseases such as glaucoma, injury to RGC axons in the optic nerve may lead to rapid RGC death. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) travel through the optic nerve and carry all visual signals to the brain.
After injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to irreversible loss of vision.
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) poorly understood immune-mediated disease that may cause inflammation from circulating autoantibodies against the retina. autoimmune retinopathy is an autoimmune condition characterized by vision loss, blind spots, and visual field abnormalities.
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an umbrella term for a group of rare autoimmune retinal degenerative diseases presumably caused by aberrant cross-reactivity of serum autoantibodies directed against retinal antigens.
There are autoimmune aspects in glaucoma, with autoreactive T cells mediating the chief pathogenic process. This autoimmune process, as well as the pathological features of glaucoma, largely overlaps with other neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
T cell-mediated immune attack and its dynamic interplay with retinal microglial cells are the culprit of glaucoma. Signs of activation of autoimmunity and imbalance of immune reactions, including autoantibodies, a shift in the T cell subpopulation, and activation of retinal innate immunity, are clearly involved in the early phase of glaucoma.
The retina is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) in the eye. Retinal ganglial cells (RGCs) are the primary sites of pathology in glaucoma . Their cell bodies reside in the inner retina, while their axes extend a long way through the optic nerve into the brain.
Thus, glaucoma is a leading neurodegenerative disease that is estimated to affect 280 million people worldwide in 2022. The pathogenic mechanisms of RGC loss in glaucoma are multifactorial, including elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), aging, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction..
The role of immune-mediated neurodegeneration in glaucoma is being ignored by eye doctors .. Activation of residential immunocompetent cells in the retina (microglia and macroglia) and infiltration of peripheral immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, monocytes, etc.) are found to be pathogenic and associated with the RGC loss .
BASED ON THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOANTIGENS AND SELF-REACTIVE T CELLS, GLAUCOMA TO BE AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WITH T CELLS PLAYING A CENTRAL ROLE ..
THE HUMAN IS CONSCIOUS UNLIKE ANIMALS WHO CANT SEE COLOR OR SEE THEMSELVES IN A MIRROR. AN IMBALANCE IN T CELL/MICROGLIA INTERACTIONS IS A CHIEF CULPRIT OF GLAUCOMA.
Again, as a representative of neurodegenerative disease in the eye, glaucoma shares many common pathological features with other CNS neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS).
Most importantly, they are all characterized by compromised barrier function and chronic neuroinflammation toward self-antigens .. In glaucoma eyes, chronic stress challenges such as elevated IOP, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, deprivation of neurotrophic factors, and ionic imbalance are considered to be primary triggers for neuroinflammation and RGC loss Heat shock proteins (HSPs) is a principal autoantigens involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma ..
HSPs are involved in atherogenesis in humans . The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect cells from stresses.
They play important roles in cell signaling transduction, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. Malfunction of HSPs is related with neurodegeneration..
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are in charge of proteostasis and buffer the stresses. HSPs can be released into the extracellular space to provoke immune reactions Aberrant production of HSPs under stress conditions and dysregulated autoimmune response in the long term, such as in the case of gut dysbiosis, may tilt the balance and result in uncontrolled neuroinflammation ..
There is a link between gut dysbiosis and glaucoma, with the immune system as the connecting bridge. The gut microbiota is a critical factor that shapes the peripheral immune system.
They contribute to the activation of autoimmune T cells in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases The gut microbiota serves as the major source of bacterial HSPs in the human body, which cross-react with the highly conserved human HSPs to provoke autoimmunity and RGC damage ..
The pathological roles of gut dysbiosis in glaucoma are chiefly mediated by T cells rather than autoantibodies or humoral immunity.
GLAUCOMA DEVELOPS WHEN THE OPTIC NERVE BECOMES DAMAGED. AS THIS NERVE GRADUALLY DETERIORATES, BLIND SPOTS DEVELOP IN YOUR VISION. THIS NERVE DAMAGE IS USUALLY RELATED TO INCREASED PRESSURE IN THE EYE.
Driving is challenging and potentially hazardous for those with visual field loss, because the road is a dynamic environment. The impact of visual field loss on driving will depend upon a combination of factors, such as extent of defect, location and ability to compensate ..
Monocular vision is where an individual is reliant on only one eye for their vision. . Autoreactive T cells primed by microbial HSPs are generated and enter the systemic circulation (first hit). In the retina, the chronic stress response results in the release of HSPs and activation of residential microglia ..
MODULATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA TO RESHAPE THE SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSE MUST BE A THERAPY FOR GLAUCOMA, AS IS DONE IN AYURVEDA. VARIETIES OF RICE WAS USED FOR THIS PURPOSE. FERMENTED FOODS LIKE IDLIS AND FRESH COCONUT CHUTNEY IS GOOD.
These are rich in probiotic bacteria to reshape gut microbiota in rats in the modulation of retinal immune reaction and protection of RGCs..
EATING INSECTS AS PROPOSED BY WEF CAUSES AUTOIMMUNE GLAUCOMA ..
The neural retina is a delicate visual transmission system and is firmly protected from the BRB, which controls the entrance of peripheral immune cells under normal conditions ..
The Blood-Retinal Barrier (BRB) functions to maintain retinal homeostasis for optimal retinal function. It is made of an inner and outer layer. The inner layer is composed of cells that nourish the cells of the retina. The outer layer contains tight junctions of cells that prevent the passage of most particles through this barrier.
The blood-retina barrier (BRB) is composed of both an inner and an outer barrier. The outer BRB refers to the barrier formed at the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer and functions, in part, to regulate the movement of solutes and nutrients from the choroid to the sub-retinal space ..
The breakdown of BRB is an essential pathogenic step in glaucoma Breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been observed inr CNS autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. ..
The neural retina is isolated from the systemic circulation by the inner BRB (iBRB, formed with nonfenestrated retinal capillary endothelium, vascular basement membrane, pericytes, astrocytes end-feet, and microglial cells) and from the leaky choroidal vessels by the outer BRB (oBRB, formed with tightly connected RPE that stands on the Bruch’s membrane).
Note: In Indian eyes, the iris (the colored part of the eye) attaches to the sclera (the eye's white, protective covering) in such a way as to form an anatomically narrower angle with less trabecular meshwork exposed.
Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy that is characterized by open angle of the anterior chamber, typical optic nerve .head changes, progressive loss of peripheral vision (typical visual field changes) followed by central visual field loss (blindness) ..
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a subset of the glaucomas defined by an open, normal appearing anterior chamber angle and raised intraocular pressure (IOP), with no other underlying disease. If there is an identifiable underlying cause for raised IOP, this is termed secondary glaucoma ..
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA (POAG) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE PHENOMENONPEOPLE WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) ARE AT SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER RISK FOR DEVELOPING THE EYE DISORDER. THERE IS EXCESS T-CELL ACTIVITY IN HUMAN GLAUCOMA PATIENTS. ..
T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood–brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. ..
THE ROLE OF T CELLS IN OCULAR PATHOLOGIES REMAINS UNKNOWN .
The immune system can be divided into innate and adaptive immune responses and is designed to protect the body from disease-causing pathogens. The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense and requires no lag time to mount a response to infection.
Innate immunity is largely nonspecific. Adaptive immunity is much more specific and provides long-lasting protection against pathogens . The cells that carry out adaptive immune responses are called lymphocytes and are classified into B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which accomplish humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively
In the humoral immune response, a B cell receptor reacts with a specific antigen stimulating the cell to synthesize and secrete antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins. These antibodies play crucial roles in neutralizing pathogens. Antibodies recognize epitopes on a single specific molecule (e.g., protein or carbohydrate) called an antigen.
When an antigen, such as a virus or microbial toxin (e.g., tetanus or diphtheria toxin), binds an antibody, it can no longer bind to receptors on host cells and is therefore neutralized T lymphocytes (T cells) arise in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus.
They are classified into two major categories CD8 + and CD4 + cells based on their effector functions and recognition of different classes of MHC molecules. CD8 + cells defend the host against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and cancer, as they can detect surface antigens displayed by infected cells .
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Treg cells regulate and suppress the potentially dangerous effects of T cells and ultimately promote tolerance. Numerous functions of Treg cells have been documented including suppression of asthma and allergy, induction of tolerance to dietary antigens , protection of commensal bacteria from elimination by the immune system , promotion of maternal–fetal tolerance , and PREVENTION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE.
The role of Treg cells is unknown in ocular pathology. Treg cells are required to maintain homeostasis. A hyperactive inflammatory immune response can harm host cells. Conversely, a lack of a properly functioning immune system can lead to life-threatening infections, so a balance must be struck between the two states. Treg cells maintain this balance by playing a suppressive role and preventing a pro-inflammatory response ..
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO TARGET FOREIGN PATHOGENS AND LEAVE HOST CELLS UNHARMED VIA A PROCESS KNOWN AS TOLERANCE. WHEN YOU ARE INJECTED WITH mRNA VACCINES THIS SYSTEM GOES FOR A TOSS ..
AUTOIMMUNITY OCCURS WHEN A HOST LOSES SELF-TOLERANCE. IN OTHER WORDS, AUTOIMMUNITY IS A PROCESS OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST THE HOST LEADING TO SELF-CELL DAMAGE.
An important aspect of autoimmunity is the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes. Auto-reactivity can be triggered through molecular mimicry, which is immunological cross-reactivity between host and foreign antigens. In this condition, foreign antigens closely resemble host antigens resulting in an erroneous self-directed attack on host tissue ..
There is something called “molecular mimicry” ... Molecules on some nerves are very similar to or mimic molecules on some microorganisms. When those microbes infect someone, the immune system correctly attacks them. And if the microbe and myelin look similar, the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the myelin.
Molecular or antigenic mimicry is a term for the similarity of different antigens, which can be confused by the immune system. antigen recognition by antibodies and t cell receptors is specific, but not restricted to a single antigen covid-19 mrna vaccine differently stimulate myeloid or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (dcs), generating an unbalance in the downstream cytokine pathways that play a crucial role in autoimmunity and autoinflammation.
Inflammation caused by covid vaccine primes the immune system to mistakenly see the spewed contents of destroyed cells as ‘foreign’ and create autoantibodies against these cellular pieces.. the tissue damage that accompanies inflammation is a recipe for the body to begin attacking itself.. .
Autoreactive lymphocytes can also develop during the initial lymphocyte creation. When lymphocytes undergo genetic rearrangement, some are reactive against self-antigens, but under homeostatic conditions these lymphocytes undergo thymic deletion and undergo apoptosis .
Although up to 98% of T cells do not make it through the selection process , some autoreactive lymphocytes will escape the process of elimination even in healthy individuals . One of the functions of Treg cells is to prevent the activation of these autoreactive lymphocytes and therefore protect the body from self-attack ..
Since people around the planet have been injected with covid mRNA vaccines , billions have developed DEADLY autoimmune diseases. Despite tellinG this to childless traitor Modi he gave the green signal for Indian made Gennova mRNA vaccines, hoping to warnge a Nobel prize and securing MOCHA MAWL donnassan..
Autoimmunity is multifactorial and involves environmental, hormonal, immunological, and unknown triggers ..
T cells have been identified in the brain parenchyma of postmortem Alzheimer’s patients and T cell abnormalities have also been identified in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid of Alzheimer’s patients . Parkinson’s disease is a systemic inflammatory disorder because elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines found in the blood .
PD is now common place in [eople injected with Covid mRNA vaccines .. Autoreactive T cells are central to autoimmune pathology, so their presence suggest the disease is autoimmune in nature.
Autoimmune conditions are also characterized by the creation of autoantibodies by B cells against self-antigens which has been demonstrated in the peripheral blood of PD patients ..
An alteration in B cells population, play a role in PD .. Regardless of the autoimmune nature of Parkinson’s disease, T cells, and the adaptive immune system contribute to the disease development ..
Treg cells play an opposing role in PD to the inflammatory T cell subsets by suppressing their effector functions and preventing rampant inflammation .. As PD is plagued by neuroinflammation, it is evident that Treg cells cannot properly execute their job , and this dysfunction may contribute to disease progression. All this is uncharted territory ..
There is an impaired ability of Treg cells to suppress effector T cells in PD .. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide in which retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die slowly and progressively over a prolonged period of time. Glaucoma is now considered to be a multifactorial disease and molecular mechanisms involved in RGC death are complex and poorly understood .
There is currently no known cure for glaucoma Participation of T cells in glaucoma pathology. A study has shown that elevated IOP allowed for T cell infiltration of the retina and led to continued degeneration of RGCs after IOP was returned to a normal level ..
The innate immune system is tied to glaucoma through the action of glial cells and oxidative stress . The involvement of the adaptive immune system in glaucoma pathology must be studied ..
IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IS A PREREQUISITE FOR DEVELOPING GLAUCOMA ..
There is a presence of autoantibodies to heat shock proteins in glaucoma. Heat shock proteins are a large family of molecular chaperones that can be upregulated in times of stress , but also have significant potential to induce molecular mimicry resulting in the creation of autoantibodies to host proteins .. T cell subsets, specifically the T effector/Treg cells homoeostasis, play a critical role in determining the fate of RGCs during glaucoma progression.
The role of Treg cells in glaucoma remains fully unexplored.
Adoptive transfer of Treg cells has shown promise in treating inflammatory conditions such as enteritis and multiple sclerosis and it will be an effective therapeutic option in glaucoma .. To keep producing enough food to fill all bellies, they need a way to put nutrients for plants back into the soil and make it more fertile. In other words, they need fertilizers.
In 1805, the German naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt brought back a strange substance from Peru that the indigenous population had been using to fertilize their fields for hundreds of years.
This stuff turned out to be the solidified poop of a seabird called the guanay cormorant, which flocked around Peru’s rocky coastline. The dry coastal climate meant that the bird’s poop - known as guano - piled up on the shore, together with the empty eggshells and bones of dead birds, hardening into impressive craggy islands rather than being washed away.
Guano fertilizer was used in Peru by Kerala Danava King Mahabali 12500 years ago
After a couple of years of successful field trials, William Meyer, a businessman from Liverpool, placed the first large order for this ‘white gold’, and the guano boom began, using Chinese slaves to dig up the bird shit and fill ships.. All of these Chinese slaves developed Glaucoma and became blind.. They were thrown into the shark infested seas.
https://captajitvadakayil.in/2022/02/17/chinese-slavery-capt-ajit-vadakayil/
https://captajitvadakayil.in/2022/02/17/chinese-slavery-part-2-capt-ajit-vadakayil/
As might be expected from a cargo that’s little more than dried bird excrement, when the guano ships reached English shores, the smell was so bad that the populations of nearby towns fled for the hills to get away from the stench. But by the mid-1800s, guano was well known as the best fertilizer a farmer could get, and Jewish miners came from far and wide to harvest the stuff on the Peruvian shores.
They imported Chinese slaves with high wages. Of course they never got paid as they all were killed ..
The demand for guano was so high that the guanay cormorant was nicknamed the 'billion-dollar bird,' and the US passed laws stating that US citizens could claim remote islands for the country if they harboured the treasured bird poop. Countries even fought wars over access to guano! ..
Unsurprisingly, scientists became very curious about what made guano so great. Their first observation was that guanay cormorants ate an awful lot of fish. This high protein diet meant that their poop contained a lot of nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth, making it an excellent natural fertilizer.
The ancient INCA people of coastal Peru highly prized their guano islands and the birds that pooped them into existence. There was a strict law among INCAs, who placed a death sentence on anyone who killed guano birds or disturbed their nests ..
But by the time Rothschild got his kosher fingers into the South American pie in the early 1800s, the great piles of guano were seen as being there for the taking. And take they did.
In fact, Jew William Gibbs, who became the richest commoner in England thanks to the guano trade was immortalised in a common rhyme in 19th century London: ‘Mr Gibbs made his dibs selling the turds of foreign birds’.
Millions of tons of guano were dug up by hand - using Chinese indentured labour - and sent off around the world. The birds were scared away and populations shrank as their poop islands were diminished, leaving the Peruvians stripped of their assets with little to show for their white gold than a trashed ecosystem.
The guano boom eventually came to an end when two German chemists, Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, invented a process to grab nitrogen out of the air and react it with hydrogen to make ammonia - a key component of many nitrogen-based fertilisers (and explosives, but that’s another story…) .. As a result, it became possible to produce plenty of fertiliser without the need for sea birds or their poop.
CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL
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